ABSTRACT
Not only since SARS-CoV-2, have transmission routes of viruses been of interest. Noroviruses e.g., can be transmitted via smear infection, are relatively stable in the environment and very resistant to chemical disinfection. Some studies determined the virucidal efficacy of laundering processes, but few studies focused on the virucidal efficacy of dishwashing processes. Here, especially consumer related conditions are of interest. Households for example are a hotspot of norovirus infection and thus a sufficient reduction of these and other viruses from dishes must be insured to avoid an infection via this route. The likelihood of such an event should not be underestimated, since it was shown that the washing machine can be a reservoir for the transmission of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing bacteria in newborns. Although viruses do not replicate in these devices a transmission via contaminated cutlery e.g., cannot be excluded. Using a consumer related approach to determine the virucidal efficacy of dishwashers, we found a combination of a bleach containing dishwasher detergent, a cleaning temperature of 45 C for 45 min and a rinsing temperature of 50 C, to be sufficient to reduces viral titer of bovine corona virus, murine norovirus and modified vaccinia virus by 4.8, 4.2 and 3.8 logarithmic stages respectively.Copyright © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
ABSTRACT
AIM: The COVID-19 epidemic is still raging over the globe, and vaccination is supposed to help us overcome it. Although the vaccinations' efficacy is undeniable, their safety is still a concern. This is the first case of CMV proctitis following vaccination since the invention of the COVID-19 vaccine, suggesting that the COVID-19 vaccine may not only cause immune hyperactivity but also cause immune deficiency. We report this case to provoke new thinking about the safety of COVID-19 vaccines. METHODS: We described a case of a 58-year-old Chinese woman, without obvious cause of immunosuppression, who developed persistent constipation three days after the second COVID-19 vaccination. Electronic colonoscopy revealed new circumferential growth at the anorectal junction, with uneven surface and ulceration, which mimicked rectal carcinoma. Rectal biopsy revealed severe active chronic proctitis with CMV infection. The clinical course was favorable with ganciclovir therapy. In this case, we used laboratory biochemical examination, colonoscopy, immunohistochemistry, and other methods to detect, and finally confirmed the existence of CMV proctitis. RESULTS: Ganciclovir was used to treat the patient, and a good effect was observed. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection of the gastrointestinal tract occurs mainly in immunosuppressed patients. While in our case, there was no evidence of immunodeficiency, except for earlier vaccination against COVID-19. Therefore, it is plausible to doubt that COVID-19 vaccination caused the occurrence of CMV proctitis in the patient. CONCLUSIONS: It is speculated that the vaccine can cause immune dysfunction, and thus may not only lead to the occurrence of immune hyperactivity disorders but also immune deficient diseases. The clinical course of CMV proctitis was favorable with ganciclovir therapy.